Cushion caroms (or cushion carom billiards)[1] sometimes called by its original name, the indirect game,[2] is a carom billiards discipline generally played on a cloth-covered, 5 foot × 10 foot, pocketless table with two cue balls A Billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various specific ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are very important to the finer points of and a third red-colored ball. The game is sometimes incorrectly referred to as one-cushion or one-cushion billiards, which is the direct translation of its name into English from various other languages such as Spanish Spanish or Castilian is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that originated in northern Spain, and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile and evolved into the principal language of government and trade in the Iberian peninsula. It was taken most notably to the Americas, and also to Africa and Asia Pacific with the expansion of the ("una banda") and German German (Deutsch, [dɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union. Around the world, German is spoken by approximately 105 million native speakers and also by about 80 million non-native ("einband").[3]

Cushion caroms is traceable to 1820s Britain The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with and is a descendant of the doublet game dating to at least 1807, which required the sole object ball to be banked The following is an encyclopedic glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: pocket billiards , which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets; carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a table without pockets; and snooker, played on a large pocket off a cushion before being pocketed or, as it was described in 1833: "...no hazard is scored unless it is made by reverberation."[3][4][5]

The name of the game is taken from the pre-existing shot. In a cushion carom shot, the cue ball caroms (strikes and rebounds[6]) off of both object balls The following is an encyclopedic glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: pocket billiards , which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets; carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a table without pockets; and snooker, played on a large pocket with at least one rail being struck before the hit on the second object ball. The object of the game is to score up to an agreed upon number of cushion caroms, with one point being awarded for each successfully made. If no object ball is contacted, one point is deducted. If there is ambiguity Ambiguity is the property of being ambiguous, where a word, term, notation, sign, symbol, phrase, sentence, or any other form used for communication, is called ambiguous if it can be interpreted in more than one way. Ambiguity is different from vagueness, which arises when the boundaries of meaning are indistinct. Ambiguity is context-dependent: as to whether the second ball was contacted, it is resolved in favor of the shooter.[3][7]

Cushions caroms was defunct for a number of years, but was revived in the late 1860s as an alternative to the game straight rail Balkline is the overarching title of a large array of carom billiards games generally played with two cue balls and a third, red object ball, on a cloth-covered, 5 foot × 10 foot, pocketless table that is divided by balklines on the cloth into marked regions called balk spaces. Such balk spaces define areas of the table surface in which a player, in which points are scored by a simple carom off both object balls with no cushion requirement. Straight rail had for a time been falling into disfavor based on frustration by spectators with skill developments which allowed top players to monotonously score a seemingly endless Infinity refers to several distinct concepts – usually linked to the idea of "without end" – which arise in philosophy, mathematics, and theology. The word comes from the Latin infinitas or "unboundedness." series of points with the balls barely moving in a confined area of the table playing area. This was a result of the "rail nurse", a shot in which the object balls are nudged at very soft speed down a rail to a duplicate position again and again.[3][7]

Instead of stopping long runs as intended, the skills developed at straight rail were transferred over to cushion caroms. Some time between 1881 and 1889 a new nurse was developed for cushion caroms, known as the "rub nurse." With the two object balls stacked perpendicular to a rail and just next to it, the rub nurse is performed by gently banking the cue ball off the rail just before them resulting in a soft graze of both and the same or near the same position repeating.[3]

Photograph of Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens ,, better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He is extensively quoted. During his lifetime, Twain became a friend to presidents, and Louise Paine playing billiards

While cushion caroms waxed and waned, the game of balkline Balkline is the overarching title of a large array of carom billiards games generally played with two cue balls and a third, red object ball, on a cloth-covered, 5 foot × 10 foot, pocketless table that is divided by balklines on the cloth into marked regions called balk spaces. Such balk spaces define areas of the table surface in which a player was increasingly becoming effective at limited nursing and eclipsed cushion caroms as the game of public match play and tournaments during the era.[3] This is not to say that cushion caroms did not retain some popularity with the public. For example, it is known that Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens ,, better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He is extensively quoted. During his lifetime, Twain became a friend to presidents, enjoyed the game on occasion.[3][8][9]

The first known public exhibition at cushion caroms took place in 1867, won by Joseph Dion over John McDevitt. The first public match was won by "the wizard",[10] Jacob Schaefer, Sr., and the only world tournament at the game, in New York New York (pronounced /nuː ˈjɔrk/ ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, in 1888, was won by Joseph Dion.

The U.S. title at cushion caroms has only been held by six men: Joseph Dion, William Sexton, Maurice Daly, George Slosson and the indomitable Willie Hoppe, who held it for 11 years from 1933 to 1944. Today, cushion caroms is rarely played in the U.S., but it still enjoys some popularity in Europe where it is featured as one of the five games making up the annual billiards pentathlons A pentathlon is a contest featuring five different events. The name is derived from Greek: combining the words pende and -athlon (competition) (Greek: πένταθλον). The first pentathlon was documented in Ancient Greece and was part of the Ancient Olympic Games. Five events were contested over one day for the Ancient Olympic pentathlon,, the other four games being 47.1 balkline, straight rail, 71.2 balkline and three-cushion billiards.[3]

References

  1. ^ "Saw Good Billiards: Union Leaguers Entertained by Four Star Cue-wielders". Brooklyn Daily Eagle The Brooklyn Eagle, also called The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, was a daily newspaper published in Brooklyn, New York from October 26, 1841 to March 16, 1955, and is also a successor daily newspaper by the same name. It was the most popular afternoon paper in the United States at one point. Walt Whitman was its editor for two years. During the American (Brooklyn, NY Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City, located southwest of Queens on the western tip of Long Island. An independent city until its consolidation with New York in 1898, Brooklyn is New York City's most populous borough, with 2.5 million residents, and second largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings): 8. December 20 December 20 is the 354th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 11 days remaining until the end of the year, 1893 Year 1893 was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Friday of the 12-day slower Julian calendar). http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Default/Scripting/ArchiveView.asp?BaseHref=BEG/1893/12/20&Page=8&SelectedEntity=Ar00807&skin=BEagle&GZ=T. Retrieved 2008-08-19. Each section of the newspaper page scans on this site can be clicked for a readable closeup.
  2. ^ New York Times Company (October 28, 1888). Drawbacks to Billiards; Personal Solicitude the Source of Nearly All. Lost Professional Pride and Pluck Both Evades Public Matches and Suppresses Them. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Shamos, Michael Ian (1993). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards. New York, NY New York ( /nuːˈjɔrk/ ) is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment. As host of the United Nations: Lyons & Burford. pp. 15, 72, 82, 196 and 232–3. ISBN 1-55821-219-1.
  4. ^ White and Bohn (1850s (exact date unknown)). The Billiard Player's Hand book. Philadelphia Philadelphia is the largest city in Pennsylvania and the sixth-most-populous city in the United States: Henry F. Anners. p. 38.
  5. ^ Maxwell, William Hamilton (1833). The field book; or, Sports and pastimes of the British islands. London London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has been a major city for two millennia, and its history goes back to its founding by the Romans, when it was named Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the nineteenth century, the name "London": Effingham Wilson. p. 46.
  6. ^ Lexico Publishing Group, LLC (2006). Carom - Dictionary.com. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
  7. ^ a b Hoyle, Edmond (1907). Hoyle's Games - Autograph Edition. New York New York (pronounced /nuː ˈjɔrk/ ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island,: A. L. Burt Company. p. 41.
  8. ^ Paine, Albert Bigelow (1912). Mark Twain: the personal and literary life of Samuel Langhorne Clemens. New York New York (pronounced /nuː ˈjɔrk/ ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island,, London London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has been a major city for two millennia, and its history goes back to its founding by the Romans, when it was named Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', retains its medieval boundaries. Since at least the nineteenth century, the name "London": Harper & Brothers. p. 1427.
  9. ^ Twain, Mark (1967). Hamlin Hill. ed. Mark Twain's Letters to His Publishers, 1867-1894. Berkeley Berkeley is a city on the east shore of the San Francisco Bay in Northern California, United States. Its neighbors to the south are the cities of Oakland and Emeryville. To the north is the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington. The eastern city limits coincide with the county line (bordering Contra Costa County), which: University of California Press. p. 168. ISBN 0-520-00560-0.
  10. ^ Menke, Frank Grant (1939). Encyclopedia of Sports. New York City New York ( /nuːˈjɔrk/ ) is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is among the most populous urban areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over worldwide commerce, finance, culture, fashion and entertainment. As host of the United Nations: F. G. Menke, Inc.. p. 80.
Cue sports
Pool Nine-ball Nine-ball is a contemporary pocket billiards game, with historical beginnings rooted in the United States and traceable to the 1920s. The game may be played in social and recreational settings by any number of players (generally one-on-one) and subject to whatever rules are agreed upon beforehand, or in league and tournament settings in which the · Eight-ball Eight-ball, sometimes called stripes and solids and, more rarely, bigs and littles or highs and lows, is a pocket billiards game popular in much of the world, and the subject of international amateur and professional competition. Played on a pool table with six pockets, the game is so universally known in some countries that beginners are often · One-pocket One-pocket is a two-player (or -team) pocket billiards (pool) game. The object of the game is to score points by pocketing (potting) pool balls into specific pockets. A point is made when a player makes any object ball into that player's designated pocket. The winner is the first to score an agreed-upon number of points (most commonly 8). The · Straight pool Straight pool, also called 14.1 continuous or simply 14.1, is a pocket billiards game, and was the common sport of championship competition until overtaken by faster-playing games like nine-ball . This is the classic game from the history of pool and most of the greatest players of all time were known to play this game · Bank pool Bank pool is a Pocket billiards game that has as it most fundamental requirement, that all scoring shots in the game to be made by banking a called ball off a cushion and into a called pocket. While the game has multiple variations, the predominant version through much of its history was played with a full fifteen-ball rack, of which the winning · Blackball · Baseball pocket billiards · Bottle pool Bottle pool, also known as bottle-billiards and bottle pocket billiards, is a hybrid billiards game combining aspects of both carom billiards and pocket billiards. Played on a standard pool table, the game uses just two object balls, a cue ball, and a 6¾ inch tall, narrow-necked bottle called a shake bottle or tally bottle, traditionally made · Chicago · Cowboy pool Cowboy pool, sometimes just called cowboy, is a hybrid pool game combining elements of English billiards through an intermediary game, with more standard pocket billiards characteristics. The game employs only four balls, the cue ball and three numbered balls, the 1, 3 and 5. It is played to 101 points, with points being awarded for a host of · Cribbage pool Cribbage, sometimes called cribbage pocket billiards, cribbage pool, fifteen points and pair pool, is a two-player pocket billiards game that, like its namesake card game, has a scoring system which awards points for pairing groups of balls that total 15. Played on a standard pool table, participants who pocket a ball of a particular number are · Golf pool · Kelly pool Kelly pool is a pocket billiards game played on a standard pool table using fifteen numbered markers called peas or pills, and a standard set of sixteen pool balls. Gameplay involves players drawing peas at random from a shake bottle, which assigns to them the correspondingly numbered pool ball, kept secret from their opponents, but which they · Rotation · Ten-ball · Three-ball · more Cue sports , also known as billiard sports, are a wide variety of games of skill generally played with a cue stick which is used to strike billiard balls, moving them around a cloth-covered billiards table bounded by rubber cushions
Carom billiards Three-cushion · Artistic billiards Artistic billiards, sometimes called fantasy billiards or fantaisie classique, is a carom billiards discipline in which players compete at performing 76 preset shots of varying difficulty. Each set shot has a maximum point value assigned for perfect execution, ranging from a 4-point maximum for lowest level difficulty shots, and climbing to an 11- · Five-pins Five-pins , also known as stecca (in Italian), five-pin billiards, 5-pins, cinco quillas (in Spanish), Italian billiards (Italian biliardo all'italiana), and simply Italiana (in Italian and Spanish), with a variant known as nine-pins, 9-pins, nine-pin billiards or goriziana (in Italian), is a usually carom but sometimes pocket form of cue sport, · Balkline & straight rail Balkline is the overarching title of a large array of carom billiards games generally played with two cue balls and a third, red object ball, on a cloth-covered, 5 foot × 10 foot, pocketless table that is divided by balklines on the cloth into marked regions called balk spaces. Such balk spaces define areas of the table surface in which a player · Cushion caroms · Four-ball Four-ball is a carom billiards game. The game is played on a pocketless table with four balls, usually one light red, one dark red, and two whites . Each player is assigned one of the white balls as his own cue ball. A point is scored when a shooter caroms on any two other balls. Two points are scored when the player caroms on each of the three · more
Other games Snooker Snooker is a cue sport that is played on a large baize-covered table with pockets in each of the four corners and in the middle of each of the long side cushions. A regulation table is 12 ft × 6 ft (3.6 m x 1.8 m). It is played using a cue and snooker balls: one white cue ball, 15 red balls worth one point each, and six balls of different colours · English billiards English billiards, called billiards in many former British colonies and in Great Britain where it originated, is a hybrid form of carom and pocket billiards played on a billiard table. Billiards is less well known as the "English game", the "all-in game" and the "common game" · Russian pyramid Russian pyramid, also known simply as pyramid or pyramids and often called Russian billiards (Russian: ру́сский билья́рд, russky bilyard) or Russian pool, is a cue sport that has several differences from Western pool, although game play is still dominated by attempts to pocket (pot) billiard balls. It is played in countries of the · Bumper pool Bumper pool is a billiards game played casually on an octagonal table with one pocket centered on each end. Most tables have 12 bumpers, although some tables have 14 or 16. Two bumpers surround each pocket with the other eight arranged on the table's midlines leaving a center space just large enough for a ball to pass through. Tables with 14 · Bagatelle Bagatelle is an indoor table game related to billiards, the object of which is to get a number of balls (set at nine in the nineteenth century) past pins (which act as obstacles) into holes. It probably developed from the table made with raised sides for trou madame, which was also played with ivory balls (Gloag 1969 illustrates a London design · Carrom Carrom or carroms is a family of tabletop games sharing a similarity in that their mechanics lie somewhere between billiards and table shuffleboard. The game has various other names around the world, including carrum, couronne, carum, karam, karom, karum, and finger billiards · Novuss · more
Resources Glossary The following is an encyclopedic glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: pocket billiards , which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets; carom billiards referring to the various carom games played on a table without pockets; and snooker, played on a large pocket · Techniques · Billiard table A billiard table or billiards table is a bounded table on which billiards-type games (cue sports) are played. In the modern era, all billiards tables, regardless of whether for carom billiards, pocket billiards (pool) or snooker, provide a flat surface usually made of quarried slate, that is covered with cloth and surrounded by rubber cushions, · Billiard ball A Billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker. The number, type, diameter, color, and pattern of the balls differ depending upon the specific game being played. Various specific ball properties such as hardness, friction coefficient and resilience are very important to the finer points of · Billiard hall A billiard[s], pool or snooker hall (sometimes written poolhall, snookerhall, poolroom, etc.) is a place where people get together for playing cue sports such as pool, snooker or carom billiards. Such establishments often serve alcohol and may have gaming machines, darts, foosball and other games on the side · Cue stick · Rack · Players · Organizations · Events · Categories

Categories: Carom billiards

 

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